Do not kill curiosity of students

You need to gain as much information as possible to survive in an alien world. This might be the reason that every child is born with a curiosity to know everything about the world around him.

You ask most of the questions during your childhood. As you grow up, you find most of your answers whether right or wrong, true or false through science or Religion. You became content with your knowledge. Moreover, you find more important work than to investigate the world.

Our schools also play a negative role in killing our curiosity too. Instead of telling students that science just scratch the surface of universe and we need a lot to know about it, teachers taught us as everything is already discovered and invented. We have Big bang theory for creation of universe and we have Evolution theory for explanation of life on earth as if these theories gave answers to every possible question.

Instead of teaching these theories, if we teach students what still need to be discovered and what they should invent to uncover those mysteries, it will be more challenging and intriguing for students.   Do not tell them that 90% of things are already discovered. Truth is we have discovered only 10% of all the things. We are still clueless about rest of the things. Like dark matter and dark energy. We need to discover more sources of renewable energy. We need more sophisticated machines and automobile. We need to understand intelligence and to create artificial intelligence which can work without input of information on its own. Do not let your curiosity die. Below is the list of twenty things waiting to be invented or discovered.

• Super Artificial Intelligence: All big companies are spending billions of $ on it. Some to study its dangers and some on how to create and use it.
• Dark matter and Dark energy: What is it made of?
• Multi dimensions and multiverse: Does it exist?
• M Theory: Theory of everything: A theory which Combines all forces of nature.
• How to travel with the speed of light. How to break speed limit? There was a time people thought that nothing can fly faster than speed of sound. Now we have supersonic plane flying faster than speed of sound and create shock waves. What will happen if we break speed of light?
• How something came from nothing in this universe?
• Is there life of any other planet?
• How to avoid radiation during space travel?
• How to reduce impact of nuclear bomb?
• How to stop ovulation at will of a woman for birth control?
• Human Memory storing device.
• Nanobots : Tiny machine which can enter human body and can treat people
• Treatment for AIDS and cancer
• Mapping of human genome and understanding function of each gene
• How to curve space-time fabric and travel to another galaxy.
• How to make life easier
• How to change deserts into fertile lands
• How to make painless child delivery
• Teleportation: Is it possible?
• How to make a corruption free society where everyone’s basic needs is fulfilled?

List is not exhaustive or complete. You can look on your own for more things yet to be discovered or invented.

Advertisement

Are we really Intelligent ?

Human beings are very interesting. Most of them are self-obsessed. They think they are very intelligent. However, if you ask them compare to what? They might not have any answer for some time. Then after thinking they will reply compared to all other life form on earth! Oh Wow, as if world is full of intelligent species. Truth is not so pleasant. Truth is we are emotional fools. Have you ever cried while watching movies? Have you ever started jumping and yelling when your team wins in a match and you are watching it on TV? How about breaking TV and throwing things when your team lost a match? When it comes to personal safety we do some really cool stuff. As soon as we notice there are no policemen to watch us around, we remove safety belt of our car seat. We actually need laws to make people wear helmet while driving bikes! In construction sites, companies hire safety officers to ensure that workers are wearing safety harness because workers do not feel any danger while working on height. They are more interesting to show their bravery! One last example is of death of any loved one. For few days we keep weeping, crying and remain sad as if by doing so dead person will come back. We know for sure, he will not come back but our emotions make us do what we do. All the above behaviour does not qualify as an intelligent reaction to our situation.

 

Still we believe firmly that we are an intelligent species! We feel we are intelligent but actually it is just a wishful thinking. Since we do not have any competitor we believe we are intelligent. As AI advances, machines start beating us in games. If we will not come out of our wonderland and keep improving machines to do our work, soon we will create our own masters.

It is important to realize that we are not at apex of intelligence. We are just a little more intelligent than other animals. There are vast areas of improvement in our intelligence especially emotional control. Collectively, if we ever succeed in making a machine just a notch higher in intelligence than humans, that day will be the beginning of our end. We can’t imagine and think what they can do and how such super artificial intelligence (SAI) will interact with society! Any machine smarter than us can easily find a way to beat us.

In 1997, Deep Blue — the computer created by IBM — defeated World Chess Champion, Garry Kasparov. Alpha Go defeated the human champion of Chinese game “GO”, which is several times difficult than Chess.

Google Deep mind- the maker of Alpha Go, are pioneer in machine learning using neural network. Their speciality is that while other programs focus on just one area and excels in it, Deep mind is trying to create AI program capable for general purpose. Their progress so far is impressive and if they continue to develop their programs, soon we will have human level AI. It will not take more than a decade to surpass human and make a SAI.

SAI will be more dangerous than a nuclear bomb. We can never able to predict how SAI will behave.  SpaceX/Tesla CEO Elon Musk calls super intelligence “our greatest existential threat” and donated $10 million from his personal fortune to study the danger. However, if we will be able to control it, it will be biggest invention of human civilization. SAI will solve many difficult problems we are facing in every walk of our life. This will start a new era in human civilization.

 

Cars: Fuel cell Vs Electric

Electric car-makers like Tesla, are constructing mega factories for mass production of Li-ion batteries to reduce the price of cars. On other hand Japanese companies are investing heavily on hydrogen Fuel cell technology. This race is not about who will come first, rather who will sustain in global market finally. Presently and decisively Electric vehicle driven by Li-ion batteries are leading the trend with reduction in battery pack price and increase use of solar energy. Electric vehicles made lot of improvement in recent time. Much of it can be attributed to Tesla-first electric car-maker who took concept of electric cars much seriously than any other car-maker. They set very high standard for electric cars and make much needed improvement to compete with traditional IC engine cars running on gasoline. Charging time reduced from hours to several minutes. Mileage too increased considerably. All these improvement made Electric Vehicle ( EV) a better solution to IC engine causing pollution. EV do not cause air or sound pollution and they are safe car. However, they need electricity to charge batteries. Sometimes electricity is produced by burning coal, which again cause pollution. Solar power is a workable solution. However, with present efficiency of solar cell, it will be difficult to fulfill future domestic demand. Thus, electric vehicles are not the best solution for future in developing countries where managing domestic electricity demand is a challenge.

In future, people will prefer car with inbuilt energy powerhouse. A car, which can run longer than normal electric vehicle and IC engine without creating pollution and have a safe quick re-filling. As soon as hydrogen or any other fuel cell meet these criteria then that will be the turning point in history of Fuel cell vehicle (FCV). At present, peoples are concern about safety of using hydrogen as fuel. Of course, electric vehicle are safest compared to FC and IC engine. Nevertheless, with advancement in technology, fuel cell will become safer than IC engine, which we used for decades. The biggest obstacle for fuel cell cars is filling station, which require lot of money in establishment. Without filling stations, no one will buy such cars. Slowly but surely as filling station will increase, demand for FCV will increase too. With improvement in technology and mass production, price of cars fitted with Fuel cell will decrease considerably.

As we have saying, “Slow and steady wins the race” it is possible that future belongs to Fuel cell Vehicle. Batteries are temporary solution. If we find a way to fill a vehicle directly from hydrogen cylinders then we can cut off expansive filling station requirement too.Normally a FCV requires 35-90 MPA pressure. In market, cylinders are available up to 90MPa as well. We only need a hose pipe with connector to fill the Car tank. Some innovative ideas required to make FCT a feasible reality. Japan is investing hugely to make improvement in fuel cell. Only future will tell which technology will pass the test of time.

(Edited and revised version of previous post)

Deep Space Exploration and Mission Mars

With the present speed of rockets (though it is still a marvel of human capability) future of deep space exploration is gloomy. However, NASA and other space agencies are working on different propulsion fuel including nuclear to increase the speed of rockers. Hopefully, sooner than later we will have rockers fast enough which can make the journey to mars shorter than three months.

In last 50 years of space exploration, we have not achieved anything amazing. Last big thing was when man landed on the moon. Since then we saw a dry period in space exploration. All space agencies are busy in sending satellites and rovers in outer space. Even though, human have made outstanding growth in technologies whether it is Robotics, aviation, AI, automation, generating clean energy and much more but same growth was not seen in deep space exploration. We are certainly capable of becoming multi planetary species. Solutions were available but Governments are reluctant!

Private companies bring new ray of hope in this regard. I am a huge fan of Elon Musk, a man behind companies like Space X and Tesla. He actually makes us feel that we already usher in 21^st century. Anything is possible; we just need to dream big. The recent launch of falcon heavy with two boosters landing back simultaneously is just outstanding achievement. Such success can’t be confined to a city or nation. It is a global achievement. Though I have not contributed anything in this success but I feel equally proud about success of technology built by human. It took human nearer to the mission Mars.

There are so many enthusiastic people who are willing to go to Mars even when they know that Mars is not hospitable for life. But space agencies are busy in testing their robots and collecting more data. There was a time when people had only small boats, no navigation system, and no communication system back to the land but still people used to take risk and sailed to unknown lands without having slightest information about what kind of animal’s lives in ocean and what they might find on another land mass. Many died in such expedition, but some survived and came back successfully. They didn’t wait for right technology or full information. Their curiosity drove them far and wide. We must learn from them and be ready to take calculated risk.

Today we have technology. We have resources but we do not have will to take action. One reason might be that as we are getting more information about Mars, we find it more and more inhospitable for human being. We need more reason for sending human to mars than we previously though. It will not be a honeymoon journey. With present speed of Rockets, it took 6 to 8 month to reach Mars. On mars, you will not find anything to eat or drink, no oxygen to inhale and you will be surrounded by harmful radiation. If that is not enough, Mars gravity is much less than earth. Which is not a good news for human well-being if they stay for long time!

There are many more mind-blowing life and threatening facts about red planet. Temperature: minus 60 degrees Celsius which can still go down to minus 100 degrees Celsius. A summer day on Mars may get up to 20 degrees C near the equator, but at night the temperature can again drop to about minus 73 C. Mars also has big dust storm.

So, even if we will make homes on mars, still life will be difficult and whole day we have to remain inside a small room and in night we have to wear space suit to go out because mars atmospheric pressure is 0.6% compared to earth atmospheric pressure. Choice of food will be limited and water and air will be re-cycling again and again.

Disadvantages are far more than advantages to live on Mars. If we had a planet or moon with at least water on it or at least atmosphere with oxygen, then it would be worthwhile to haste. With all life threatening conditions and nine month-long journey time, the only viable thing to make on mars is space station for maintenance of rockets and rovers, research facilities, cheap energy producing plants and re-filling of rockets. All this can be achieved by sending robots rather than humans. Only few human will suffice to control operations. Populating Mars is a distant dream which can only be realise by Terra forming Mars. For present time, robots are better solution.

Republished.

Alien Abduction- Story of a Female World (Episode-5)

Click here to read from Episode-1

I was ready for surprise attack, as we reached near guards, Jubisco jumped on them like the Superman, and he was flying parallel to the ground. In a split second, I make a somersault and kicked a guard looking like Kate and snatch her gun. I started shooting and use one dead body to cover up myself, all my frustration, converted into anger. Everything happened so fast that I didn’t have clear memory. When Nandani stopped me, there were more than a dozen guards dead bodies and robots parts lying on the ground.

We entered the air base, hiding behind the building structure we manage to reach up to an aircraft – looking like a chopper. Jubisco was moving towards their base office, before I asked him he stopped and said I aircraft no, I want pilot , read mind. In last two years, Jubisco learned our language by reading Nandani mind. However, he was not expert in speaking. He wanted to capture a pilot to read his mind as he does not know to fly chopper. He knew only to fly space ship in which he was abducted. I told him that I will go inside because he is very big and will be easily seen, He should wait with nandani and I will kidnapped a pilot. Nandani was angry on my decision. First time I saw love for me in her eyes. I hugged him I promise to her to come back safely. I remind my promise to take her home safely. She has tears in her eyes. I kissed her on her forehead and wiped her tears. Jubisco was focussing on something and when I started moving towards base office, he pointed his finger in other direction. Go… and take right. Toilet pilot. It took me few minutes to solve his puzzle while moving in his pointed direction. As I entered inside the building, there was a corridor. I entered the corridor and as I move further, I saw a door. I try to push open the door but it was locked from inside. Someone shouted from inside in Radian language. I quietly wait outside. As door was open I hit her hard. She fell on ground unconscious. She was heavy, I dragged her in corridor. I was thinking how I will take her to the chopper. As I opened the door, Jubisco was standing outside and two guards were lying on the floor. Before I asked him about Nandini, he said “She is safe”.

Chopper was little small for Jubisco, but he manage to fit inside. He wakes up the pilot to read his mind. I was holding her hand behind her back. Nandini was on front seat helping Jubisco as co-pilot. As jubisco started the chopper, I saw many Radians guards running towards our Chopper. I shouted, Let’s go, take it up! Chopper blades were still not moving with full speed to create full lift to raise the Chopper up. Radians were coming nearer and nearer…

Please comment if you like to read next part. I will write next part only on your demand. Thanks.

Alien Abduction- Story of a Female World Episode-4

 

Click here for Episode-1

We entered in a building looking like prison. Kate talk in her language with some officers and they hand over me to a Robot looking somewhat similar to Oreo. Oreo-1 took me through a corridor. On both sides of corridors, there were lockup with small window. Different kind of animals was looking from the small window. They locked me to a prison and left. I look out of my small window and could not believe my eyes. There was a barrack in front of me and two beautiful eyes were looking at me. She was a girl. She asked me Are you Indian? At that moment, many things were running in my mind, I ignored her question and asked her “How long since you are here?” two years, she replied.

What! I said shockingly and continued, “ they told me they would send me to earth very soon after conducting experiments on me.” And you believed them, she responded angrily. I said, “Do I had a choice, I do not know what they will do with me, moreover, if I go against them, they will surely kill me. Did you try to escape from here? I asked next question. Yes, we tried to escape. We were three persons abducted together around two years back. They captured me shortly after we tried to escape, injured one, and killed the third. They tortured two of us for more than a month. Raj, the one who was injured died and since then I am here like an experiment mouse. Every week they took me out for experiments and then throw me here. I want death, but death also forgets me. I tried to console her “Hay do not give up, I will take you out from here. What is your name? She replied in sobbing voice “ Nandini Sharma”.  I am Ahmer Khan, from USA, I introduced myself to her.

A guard interrupted us, don’t talk, and sit inside. We moved inside our cell. After 15mins I call her name in low voice, Nandini, are you there? No I left to Earth, came the reply. In last two years she went through so much suffering and loneliness that now she was not afraid of anything. She accepted her fate. After meeting with me she seems little relaxed. I call her near the window to talk as no guard was around. So tell me more about this place, I inquired. Nandani Said, “This is a military base, here they do all the confidential business. Attached with it is air base, if we can reach there we can run from here. Do you know flying aircraft, she asked me. I said, No, especially Aliens aircraft, not at all. I know one pilot here, he is from another planet. His name is Jubisco, Informed Nandani. How we will communicate with him? I asked curiously. Nandani explained to me that Jubisco knows telepathy, and he might be listening to our though at this moment. Every week, they took some of us for testing and check-ups, we have to wait till we both go together. By telepathy we will inform Jubisco our plan and no wall or metal can hold Jubisco. He is from the planet which has 5 times more gravity then Radon. However, he alone cannot escape as he needs a co-pilot to fly Radians spaceship. It was a dangerous plan, but we were ready to take our chances even if death is waiting for us on next door. After meeting with Nandani I was sure, Radians will never send me to earth again, If I will not try to escape I will die here. Fear never stopped me from doing anything, but I wanted to take Nandani safely. She was beautiful. Her wide lovely eyes pierce deep in my heart and I decided to spend my rest of life with her, weather on earth or on Radon. It was love at first sight. She was beauty with brain.

Three weeks went, but unfortunately we never had a chance to go together. Physically, I had many problems but mentally I was flying around in love. I and Nandani became good friends, we keep talking for hours. We forget our pain in each other’s company. First time in my life i realise beauty of love. Its magical.

Finally, that day came when our wish comes true. We both were taken together for our testing. All hopes were on Jubisco. Nandani and I look towards his face and he moved his face in affirmation. As we reached near guard on the gate, I attached on one guard and took his weapon, which looks like a gun and fire on another guard. In the meantime, Nandani took the key and open the door of  Jubisco cell. Jubisco broke his hand cuffs and came out. One guard caught me from back and my gun fell far away. Jubisco came near me and he broke skull of Robo-guard . Two more guard came running towards us, Jubisco catch them with neck and colliede their heads together. I shouted, Nandani ,Which way to go. Come with me this side, said Nandani. We all start running towards air base. Jubisco was seven feet high muscular male. However, due to low gravity, he was able to make long jumps. As we reached near to the door of airbase, there were several armed guard and Radians waiting for us. They already knew about our escape. I gave my gun to Nandini and told her to wait for us. Jubisco, cover me behind himself as any bullet cannot harm his thick skin.

To be continued…

Click here to read Episode-5

Alien Abduction- Story of a Female World (Episode-3)

 

Click here for Episode-1

I was tired and reached to a level of emotional break down, I wanted to weep and cry loudly. But I control myself. I wanted to prove to them that I am not a danger else they might put me in some confined space or kill me. Kate and Eve ware playing with her daughter and Oreo was standing near me and looking at me. I wanted to run away, but where will I go? This Thought stopped me. Kate told me, it was a night-time and Oreo will show me my room. With tears in my eyes I asked Kate “Will I ever be able to see my planet again?” Kate replied “sure, don’t worry soon you will be sent back, now you go and sleep. You look tired”.

Oreo took me to another room, except entrance door and AC opening, there were no opening in whole room. Surprisingly, room was empty, there were no furniture. I asked Oreo “will I sleep on the floor”. Oreo went in and press some buttons and a folding bed came out of the floor. Similarly more furniture starts unfolding. Within two minutes time, whole room was full of furniture. He asked my hand to check my temperature. He set room temperature accordingly and gave me remote to control temperature. He further told me to remove my mask as long as I am inside the room. Sensors can set oxygen level based on my metabolic rate. 

I was feeling like a mouse in a golden cage. I was so tired or there was something in the air that as I lay down on bed I fell asleep. It was late in the morning, when Oreo came to wake me up. He gave me wet towel to wipe clean myself and showed me washroom. My clothes were dirty and my groin was covered in bandage. There was another towel in bathroom, so I wrap it around my waist after cleaning and relieving myself. I went out in towel as there was no cloth to wear. Radians, as they call themselves used to cover only their abdomen as it has very sensitive skin.

When I came out, Kate was going somewhere. I told her that I am hungry. She replied “we eat roasted insects; if you can eat that you are welcome. Else you can eat energy pills; it will remove your hunger and give you energy for whole day. I settled for pills. Eve gave me pills and informed me to go with Oreo in another room for tests. Oreo took me to another room and asked me to lie down on a machine bench. I was afraid but without any choice. There was no known place to go. I was on their mercy. As I lay down, I start feeling sleepy. When I wake up, my hands had two bandages and my thighs were paining. Oreo gave me some pain killers which reduce my pain. After that he took my psychological tests. When I came out of room, Eve was talking to someone in her language and she points her finger towards me to sit down. She rotated the screen and continues to talk. I can see her eyes getting wet and her voice modulates while talking. As she finished her conversation, I asked her in very polite way about whom she was talking to. Eve took a sigh and start telling her story, “She is my mother, and she doesn’t want to leave her home planet. Only small population is remaining there. They are living in controlled environment. Life is tough there and dangerous for new-born babies. That’s why Kate does not want me to go there with my daughter and I do not want to go without my daughter.” There was a spark in my eyes. I thought she can help me in escaping as she is very emotional and soft-hearted. I told her my story and how I miss my mother and she was able to relate to my story. She promises me to talk to Kate and convince her to send me to Earth earliest possible. It was evening time when Kate came in. She was in a hurry. She went directly to test rooms and viewed my test results. When she came out she was not in good mood. Khan, you will be shifted to other place tomorrow. Now go to your room. While going to my room, I overheard Kate and Eve shouting on each other. As I closed the door, I started feeling sleepy.

Next morning I wake up early. Oreo was already standing inside my room. This time he has some cloth for me. It was a loose garment like a gown. Kate was waiting for me when I came out of my room. “Let’s go, our government want to keep you at safe place” said Kate. Eve was feeling sorry for me. Kate gave me a cloth to cover my face. We ran to elevator. As we reached to the ground, her car was parked very near to the door of elevator. We sit inside. Kate put car in flying mode and it became a helicopter. Within short time, we reached to some government building. As I enter inside with Kate I saw heavy security all around. I asked Kate what is this place? But she remains silent. Building looks like a prison. I knew my life is in danger but there was no way to escape.

Click here for Episode-4 

Please comment on the story. Your comments are valuable. Thanks.

Alien Abduction- A Story of the Female World ( Episode-1)

There are trillions and trillions of stars in our universe. Around those stars revolves planets like planets in our solar system. Scientist believes that there are many earth like planets in our universe far away from us. We cannot even imagine what kind of life might be flourishing there. This story is of a planet very far away from us and life originated on this planet in slightly different way. Fifteen years back an Alien ship abducted me and took me to different world through worm hole for experimentation. On this planet, transformation from asexual reproduction to sexual reproduction never happened. Thus, even the most intelligent species too, equivalent to human on earth,  only have all-female population. Parthenogenesis -a form of asexual reproduction is the only way for reproduction here and thus only females are found on whole planet. To simplify things, I will tell you the story in earthly manner.  

Compare to earth, their civilisation is 100 years advance. Kate, an astronaut, was the non-breeding partner who lived with Eve, her breeding partner. They have one daughter Alice. Kate and Eva were together from last 5 years but only two-year back they committed to live together and had a baby.  Though both are female and identical, but still emotionally very  different. Some peoples like to breed and some don’t. Those who breed play a wife role taking care of house and other things. Since all are females, no fear of rape and sex abuse. Every one is working. However, other crimes are similar to earth. Kate was an astronaut, who first discovered earth and their government was interested in understanding human anatomy because they never knew about males. Through radio waves coming through earth they learn our language and culture. However they didn’t find anything special and humans were no danger for them so they didn’t contacted with earth.

One day I was abducted by Aliens and they made me unconscious by spraying some chemical on my face. When I wake up, I feel weak and tired. My hands were cuffed and I was inside a machine. My groin is paining and stitch but I was unable to move my head. As they notice I wake up, they took me out of machine and greet me. I was scared and I feel difficulty in breathing. They gave me a mask to breath. Mask was fitted with microphone to speak and listen. Their faces were horrible like Mystique of X-man. They start talking to me in my language using some micro instrument. Only Kate was talking without instrument, she learned our language in 3 years trip from earth to their planet called Radon . They calm me down and told me that they are friend and just want to study my anatomy and behaviour. After that they will send me home. They also told me that half of the work they already finished. Now they want to study me behaviour. For that they will keep me in Kate home as she is the one knew most about earth culture and our language. Furthermore, they said to me to co-operate as that is the only way to return. Understanding the situation I agree.  They gave me some injection which makes me feel energetic and lively. An elevator took us to underground parking connected to vacuum tunnels. It is something like hyper-loop. The only difference was, cars itself were designed to travel in the tube instead of separate compartment travelling inside the loop.I was scared, sad, worried and tired. My hands were still cuffed. I was wondering how they differentiate each other when all are identical. Car window was opaque from outside but transparent from inside. To my surprise there were no high-rise buildings.

Click here for Episode-2 now available. 

FUTURE: Electric Cars Vs Fuel Cell Cars.

On one hand, electric car-makers are constructing mega factories for mass production of Li-ion batteries on other hand Japanese companies are investing heavily on hydrogen Fuel cell technology. This race is not about who will come first, rather who will sustain in global market finally. Presently and decisively Electric vehicle driven by Li-ion batteries are leading the trend with reduction in battery pack price and increase use of solar energy. Electric vehicles made lot of improvement in recent time. Much of it can be attributed to Tesla-first electric carmaker who took concept of electric cars much seriously than any other carmaker. They set very high standard for electric cars and make much needed improvement to compete with traditional IC engine cars running on gasoline. Charging time reduced from hours to several minutes. Mileage too increases considerably. All these improvement made EV a better solution to IC engine causing pollution. EV do not cause air or sound pollution and is a safe car. However, they need electricity. Sometimes electricity is produced by burning coal, which again cause pollution. Solar power is a workable solution. However, with present efficiency of solar cell, it will be difficult to fulfill future domestic demand. Thus, electric vehicles are not the best solution for future in developing countries.

In future, people will prefer car with inbuilt energy powerhouse. A car, which can run longer than normal electric vehicle and IC engine without creating pollution and have a safe quick re-filling. As soon as hydrogen or any other fuel cell meet these criteria then that will be the turning point in history of Fuel cell vehicle (FCV). At present, peoples are concern about safety of using hydrogen as fuel. Of course, electric vehicle are safest compared to FC and IC engine. Nevertheless, with advancement in technology, fuel cell will become safer than IC engine, which we used for decades. The biggest obstacle for fuel cell cars is filling station, which require lot of money in establishment. Without filling stations, no one will buy such cars. Slowly but surely as filling station will increase, demand for FCV will increase too. With improvement in technology and mass production, price of cars fitted with Fuel cell will decrease considerably.

As we have saying, “Slow and steady wins the race” it is possible that future belongs to FCV. Batteries are temporary solution. If we find a way to fill a vehicle directly from hydrogen cylinders then we can cut off expansive filling station requirement to hydrogen cylinder storage depot.Normally a FCV requires 35-90 MPA pressure. In market, cylinders are available up to 90MPa as well. We only need a hose pipe with connector to fill the Car tank. Some innovative ideas required to make FCT a feasible reality.

Basic Information about Air-Conditioners (AC):

• Type of AC : Window and Split?

Choice of AC depends on your comfort and room location. Window AC’s are cheaper than Split ac. Split AC consists of separate indoor and outdoor units thereby called split ac. Since it has separate outdoor unit consisting of Compressor and condenser, indoor unit is very quiet. Split ac are more decorative and comes with many filters.  If you want quite ac with aesthetic looks go with split ac. But if you have a window in your room or a wall which open to outside, you can go with window ac. Since window ac is a single unit incorporating all components including compressor, it makes more noise. Normally window ac are available upto 2.5 Ton because above that, their noise became unbearable. Consequently, for higher capacity you have to go with split ac. 5 ton and above split ac comes in floor mounted model.

If you are a middle class person or if you do not want to spend more on AC, window ac is good choice.

• Inverter AC or Non Inverter AC: In Non inverter ac, compressor motor has two option-either on or off. Whereas in Inverter ac, motor can run at variable speed and thus saves electricity. Therefore, Inverter ac are good for power saving.
• Refrigerant: Now, many companies stated shifting to CFC free, Ozone friendly refrigerant.  R410 was manufactured to replace R22. Now many companies are using R410 for their products. Previously R-22 was used in all the AC, but since it cause ozone depletion, it is being phased out by 2030. However, R-22 is more efficient refrigerant, but for environmental consideration, please go with Ozone friendly refrigerant. Companies like Godrej are befooling consumers by writing R-22 as eco-friendly. Most of refrigerant are ecofriendly, but we are concerned about Ozone here not ecology. Be careful. Say No to R-22 (Trade name Freon).
• Compressor: Compressor is the heart of ac. Please read my last blog too for more information about different companies making AC’s by clicking here. Here I will let you know about different type of compressor. For small capacity i.e below 5 Ton, there are two type of compressor normally used: 1) Rotory. 2) Reciprocating.

Rotary compressor used less moving parts and thus need less maintenance. Reciprocating compressors are more rugged. For home AC, go with rotary compressor as they are more energy-efficient.

• Some important terms: a) Ton or tonnage: In air-conditioning field, Ton is a unit of cooling not of weight. 1 Ton is defined as amount of cooling produce by melting of one ton of ice. The other unit for cooling capacity which is normally mentioned on AC unit is BTU/Hr. . One ton is equal to 12000 BTU/hr..
• b) EER: Energy efficiency ratio: it is defined as the ratio of the cooling capacity (in Btu per hour) to the power input (in watts). Higher EER rating means the more efficient the air conditioner.